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Back to DNA
Back to the beginnings of biology...
“Serpopards”
Chthonic manifestations,
Simian forms with intertwined necks
Elements of chaos that the unifying order attempts to tame,
Hybrid animals reminiscent of those of ancient China,
Fantastic balance between Order and Chaos
Fuxi and Nüwa
Yin and Yang
Cosmos.
Nyami Nyami is the name of an African deity, traditionally represented as a serpent. The effigy today seems hidden at the bottom of market baskets or window displays. The Zambezi River drops sharply under the force of gravity from an imposing height. The resounding waters rush as if, legend says, it is the spirit of Nyami Nyami, still angry at how the population was displaced. Its watercourse was forcibly regulated by the construction upstream in 1950 of the Kariba Dam. The planned bi-national Hydroelectric Project (BHES) downstream – led by Power Construction Corporation of China and General Electric – could repeat history with its foreseeable impact on the environment and the livelihoods of local people in the face of climate change. This sculpture aims to draw attention to the many environmental sites that remain threatened worldwide.
The impulse to create flows up and down, almost like tree sap. Art is imitation and adaptation acted upon by uncontrollable feelings and freedom of emotions. Lost in the maze of dreams, unaware of a raison d'être, if not art expression, what mnemonic processes should we use to recover our memories? From deep within, we try to bring them to the surface. I know that we should not confuse reality and observation. Still, the artist offers a more personal and subjective approach to art. In my work, I enjoy sculpting female figures and creating my own representations instead of traditional figures, sometimes with animal attributes. Nyami Nyami shows a female face with horns and a serpent coiled around the body. It is in our imagination that we draw the wisdom to live and create.
Is there a geography-based Art? Art that is not recognized as such in the eyes of others does not bear its name. Beauty is marked by time and the spatiotemporal location of the observer. The concept of beauty, above all, is culturally conditioned, but it also evolves. Percepts and concepts follow each other in a string of imagination. The five senses and the four elements combine in the physical Universe. The essential problem is indeed “to know why mythical thought manifests such a great and constant predilection for animals, celestial bodies and other personified natural phenomena” (Lévi-Strauss).
Regarding the similarities between myths, should we speak of simultaneity rather than transmission in the emergence of ideas? Their diffusion over an immense area across multiple countries is not incompatible with the possibility that there were instances of convergence, parallel cultural phenomena, assimilation, and transplantation of forms and concepts that adapted to their new spatial and temporal setting. Robert Bednarik confirms that identical symbols appeared and followed a comparable evolution over time, the oldest being in particular circles, lines, arcs, and zigzags. Exchange and interpenetration are at the center of Geneviève von Petzinger's research in the case of petroglyphs that appeared in Africa and then were transposed to Southern Europe following the migration of prehistoric populations.
The Tainòs of the Caribbean, who believed that people were born from the hypogeous womb, retained the function of a ritual place for caves and engraved petroglyphs. Guadeloupe, the island of my ancestors, was populated during the Ceramic period well after the first Caribbean island, Trinidad. It lists numerous petroglyphs and anthropomorphic figures, including engravings from Trois-Rivières and pottery dating from the Troumassoide (Late Ceramic Period) presenting the shape of a bird, frog, bat, and human (The Tainòs began to practice welding during the Late Ceramic Period). Guadeloupe bears witness to the hybridization of different cultivation methods introduced with waves of settlements. DNA research on archaeological sites in Guadeloupe and Marie-Galante has shown a genetic lineage close to that of the interior population of the northern region of South America. The faces dug into the rocks by Arawak Indians are found in the wood carved following a traditional art passed down over centuries. Hills on the island, riddled with tellurian crypts, are adorned with abundant ornamental faces and rudimentary human figures with gaping holes. The American continent is the Arawaks' ancestral land. A bit like in the case of Hawaii, humans only arrived in the Caribbean late. The petroglyphs, placed at different water points to seek divine protection, recall the myths of batmen and frog women. There are also figures of birds and jaguars, proof of the South American influence.
The frog dance is also represented on the cliffs along the Zuojiang River in China. The frog is the totem of the tribal group, ancestors of the Chinese Zhuang minority. Popular legend has it that these engravings are those of the frog gods. Even today, the Maling (frog in the local dialect) festival is celebrated every year, during which the population honors the frog gods and imitates the frog's movements during a dance. Frogs are said to be sisters of the god of thunder and messengers between heaven and earth. Like the Arawaks, who engraved petroglyphs to protect against drought and guarantee a good harvest, the Zhuang also practiced similar rites a thousand years earlier.
Non-Chinese nomadic populations would have traced symbolic representations on the rock, notably at the site of the Yin Mountains in Inner Mongolia, to demarcate a territory surrounded by mountains, some of which, of an abstract and spiritual essence, are evocative of the motifs of ancient Chinese decorative art from the Neolithic Liangzhu civilization. Another region rich in rock paintings is southwest China, notably Yunnan, where the ancient ethnic group of the Shan Kingdom lived, although sedentary. Ritual and demarcation aspects of the landscape are not incompatible. As social and cultural entities, mountains and valleys, seas, and lands are subject to objectification that associates divinities with geographical landmarks. On the rock are found traces of a cult of the Sun.
Sculptor Ousmane Sow said that he carries within himself the ethnic groups he seeks to sculpt and can let an idea mature for months or even years. Ancient masks frozen in time and objects carved in stone symbolize the fragile perception of the universal essence. There is unimaginable energy in the petrified stone or wood of an anthropomorphic figure or a face adorned with horns recalling the bucolic expression. Horns, as Paul Claudel put it, "rise above the head and curve back on themselves” as if to harm symbolically in a suicidal act. But then, the simple addition of horns in ancient decorative art could refer to an offering to the Sun. Both the star and the animal (ram) share the same pinyin yang. it is interesting to note how different figures in ancient art sometimes combine the characteristics of more than one animals, like an exchange of qualities, such as the ox wearing goat's horns, how even the number liu (six) was associated with lu (deer) and fire symbolized the Sun. The bestial representations in tribute to the Sun are covered with scales as if to facilitate the sun's setting on the horizon in the deep seas. Animal and human figures mingle to signify a world without borders.
Reindeer, bear, rabbit, rhino, horse, antelope, pig, lion, fox, and many others are part of the imagery of ancient people who created art through processes that modern psychoanalysis would call pareidolia, apophenia, and hierophany. Our planet is more than 4 billion years old. Who are we? Our memory fell under the collapse of time, and our collective amnesia has brought down the curtains on the primary symbols. Denis Vialou observes that sometimes only a mark, a sign, is enough to represent an ibex or that an S line representing a bison horn next to an eye is enough to identify the animal. Schematization, extreme simplicity. Reduction to essentials. Should we look deep in the cave for the elements of a dialogue between the Universe and Consciousness? The use of animal imagery takes on another dimension in the literature of Zen Buddhism according to the oldest manuscript of the Platform Sutra 六祖坛经, the Dunhuang edition dating from the 9th century. It says that the poisonous mind is the evil dragon; Aquatic fish and turtles are the torments; What is vain and false is represented by spirits and ghosts; The three poisons (lust, anger, and stupidity) are hell; and Ignorance and unconsciousness are the beasts... (section 35, You Feng, 1992). It is customary for tribes, clans, and dynasties to choose one or more animals as their emblem like totems, notably deer, water buffalo, or other animals less known today - the argali, the takin, the montiacus, the red deer. The emblem used by the patriarch or the ancestral house has adorned the family bronzes for generations.
In a review of a catalog published in 1987 on ancient Chinese bronzes from the Sackler collection, Elizabeth Childs-Johnson recalls the opinion held at the time by Robert W. Bagley on the way in which the sectional mold technique determined the design and development of the imagery of Chinese bronze vessels and some of their forms. Bagley sees the decoration of the bronzes as following a linear evolution from simple reliefs to more sophisticated engravings, from a blurred image to greater zoomorphic coherence. He states that the Taotie 饕餮 appeared as a linear ornament drawn around the eyes and continued to be purely ornamental during the Erligang period. It was only later that images would have developed from linear forms. With the improvement of the casting technique during the Shang dynasty, the design of the nebulous eyes became clearer. Bagley added that the development of the Taotie was dependent on the artist's imagination; dragons, birds, and animal faces in Shang imagery would have no particular meaning – no connection with religion, myth, or lived experiences – and would simply have been created following an artistic impulse. For Bagley, Bronze Age designs emanate from the simple desire to fill a space or complete a creation. Today, though, shamanism and totemism are the explanations most regularly put forward to define the function and ornamentation of bronze vessels. Jades from the Neolithic cultures of Liangzhu and Dawenkou were instrumental in shaping the imagery of Shang period bronzes. Comparisons can also be made with the late Neolithic culture of Longshan.
What is the origin of all iconography? Should we see at the source a clan totem, an element of the family tree? At the origin is the sign, which became an image. The primitive expression creates a presence and confirms a historical link whose scientific treatment allows the analysis. It is by reconstructing each sign that forms the image that it is possible to go back in time. Primitive expression is visual thinking guided by sensory perceptions colored by imagination and memory. An invariant, archetypal evidence from Asia to the Americas of the reign of sound and gaze before the civilization of words repeats itself in a binary representation, a geometric figure. The mask, for example, in primitive arts acts as a bridge between the visible and the invisible, an act of reflection, a mirror of the interior, a perspective on the beyond. It represents the past totemic ancestor in a codified form. A mnemonic relationship, where underground emotions emerge from memory, is established between the primitive image and the individual gaze. Primitive human expression is the fruit of a mental experience, the product of a process by which understanding acts in a cerebral reflex.
Mnemonic images form an indecipherable puzzle. Memories fade with time, and with them fades the pain that accompanies them. The mnemonic imprint left by the primitive image constitutes a language code, a means of transmitting knowledge.
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The Healing Power of Elements Exhibition
"The Healing Power of Elements: Earth, Water, Air & Fire" Exhibition 2023 presents inspirational healing art by 75 artists from around the world.
https://www.healing-power-of-art.org/the-healing-power-of-elements-exhibition/
« Serpopards »
Manifestations chthoniennes,
Formes simiennes aux cous enlacés
Éléments de chaos que l’ordre unificateur tente de dompter,
Animaux hybrides qui rappellent ceux de la Chine ancienne,
Équilibre fantastique entre Ordre et Chaos
Fuxi et Nüwa
Yin et Yang
Cosmos.
Je sais qu'il ne faut pas confondre réalité et observation, mais c’est le privilège de l’artiste que d’offrir une approche plus personnelle et subjective de l’art, même préhistorique, et d’individualiser notre monde. Le renne, l’ours, le lapin, le rhinocéros, le cheval, l’antilope, le porc, le lion, le renard et bien d’autres font partie de l’imagerie des peuples anciens. L’homme préhistorique fait sien son pouvoir de réalisation par mimésis à travers les processus que la psychanalyse moderne nommerait paréidolie, apophénie et hiérophanie. Plus de 4 milliards d’années compte notre planète, qui sommes-nous ? La mémoire collective est victime des éboulis du temps par la faute desquels notre oubli a fait tomber le rideau sur les symboles originels. Denis Vialou observe qu'il ne suffit parfois que d'une marque, un signe pour représenter un bouquetin ou qu' une ligne en « S » représentant une corne de bison, à côté d'un œil de bison, suffit à identifier l'animal. Schématisation, dépouillement extrême. Réduction à l'essentiel.
Selon le plus ancien manuscrit du Sûtra de la plate-forme 六祖坛经, l'édition Dunhuang datant du IXe siècle, le recours à l'imagerie animale prend une autre dimension dans la littérature du bouddhisme Zen:
L’esprit empoisonné est le dragon malin
Les poissons et tortues aquatiques sont les tourments.
Ce qui est vain et faux est représenté par les esprits et les fantômes.
Les trois poisons sont l’enfer.
L’ignorance et l’inconscience sont les bêtes... (section 35, You Feng, 1992)
Quelle est donc la véritable signification des représentations animales dans l'art ancien chinois? L'usage veut que les tribus, clans et souverains s'approprient au fil des dynasties un ou des animaux pour emblème, comme des totems : cerf, buffle d'eau ou autre animal moins connu aujourd'hui - l'argali, le takin, le montiacus, le cerf élaphe - rhinocéros, éléphant...c’est l’emblème choisi par le patriarche ou l’ancêtre qui ornera les bronzes familiaux des générations successives. Note : Les trois poisons sont la concupiscence, la colère et la stupidité. (Thérianthropie & Emblème 2011)
Dans une revue d’un catalogue paru en 1987 sur les bronzes anciens chinois de la collection Sackler, Elizabeth Childs-Johnson rappelle l’opinion que soutenait à l’époque Robert W.Bagley sur la façon dont la technique des moules à sections a déterminé la conception et le développement de l’imagerie des récipients de bronze chinois et de certaines de leurs formes. Bagley conçoit la décoration des bronzes comme suivant une évolution linéaire des reliefs simples aux gravures plus sophistiquées, d’une image floue à une plus grande cohérence zoomorphe. Ce qui sous-tend l’analyse de Bagley est la conviction que l’imagerie de l’Âge de bronze est purement ornementale. Il déclare que le Taotie 饕餮 est apparu conne un ornement linéaire dessiné autour des yeux et qu’il continua d’être purement ornemental pendant la période d’Erligang. Ce n’est que plus tard que des images se seraient développées à partir des formes linéaires. C'est avec le perfectionnement de la technique du moulage durant la dynastie Shang que le dessin des yeux nébuleux s'est précisé. Bagley ajoute de manière inattendue que le développement du Taotie – à savoir les yeux décoratifs autour desquels dansent des fioritures abstraites qui émergent par la suite tels des oiseaux ou des dragons - est tributaire de l’imagination de l’artiste. Ainsi dragons, oiseaux et faces animales dans l’imagerie Shang n’auraient aucune signification particulière – aucun rapport avec la religion, le mythe ou des expériences vécues – et auraient tout simplement été créés au gré d’une impulsion artistique. Pour Bagley, les motifs de l’Âge de bronze dérivent de la technologie de la coulée et émanent du simple désir de remplir un espace ou de compléter une création. Aujourd’hui le chamanisme et le totémisme sont l’explication la plus régulièrement avancée pour définir la fonction et l'ornementation des récipients de bronze. En outre, il s'avère que ce sont les jades des cultures néolithiques de Liangzhu et de Dawenkou qui ont joué un rôle déterminant dans la formation de l’imagerie des bronzes de la période Shang. Des comparaisons peuvent également être établies avec la culture néolithique tardive de Longshan. (En quête du Ciel et de Vérité, 2017)
Le masque dans les arts primitifs intervient comme un pont entre le visible et l’invisible, un acte de réflexion, un miroir de l’intérieur, une perspective cryptique sur l’au-delà. Le masque ne donne-t-il pas à voir le passé, l’ancêtre totémique sous une forme codifiée ? Une relation mnémonique, où de la mémoire surgissent des émotions souterraines, s’établit entre l’image primitive et le regard individuel. L’expression humaine primitive est le fruit de l’expérience mentale du regard, le produit d’un processus par lequel l’entendement agit dans un réflexe cérébral.
Morceaux de lumière , débris de souvenirs. Les souvenirs s'estompent avec le temps, avec eux s'efface la souffrance qui les accompagne. Images mnémoniques formant un puzzle indéchiffrable. L’expression primitive est une pensée visuelle guidée par les perceptions sensorielles teintées par l’imaginaire et la mémoire collective ou individuelle. L’invariant culturel, témoin des archétypes de l’Asie aux Amériques, fait l’objet d’une représentation binaire, d’une figure géométrique, d’un règne originel du son et du regard avant la civilisation des mots.
L’empreinte mnémonique laissée par l’image primitive constitue un code du langage, un moyen de transmission du savoir. Quelle est l'origine de toute iconographie ? Faut-il voir à la source un totem clanique, élément de l’arbre généalogique ? A l’origine est le signe devenu image, l’image devenue hiéroglyphe. L’expression primitive crée une présence et confirme un lien historique que son traitement scientifique permet d’analyser. C’est par la reconstruction de chaque signe qui forme l’image qu’il est possible de remonter dans le temps jusqu’à la préhistoire de l’homme et de l’art.
Percepts et concepts se succèdent dans l’imaginaire de l’être humain. Les cinq sens et les quatre éléments se combinent dans l'univers physique. Le problème essentiel est effectivement « de savoir pourquoi la pensée mythique manifeste une si grande et constante prédilection pour les animaux, les corps célestes et autres phénomènes naturels personnifiés » (Lévi-Strauss, La pensée sauvage, p.178). L’humanité respire d’un seul souffle. (De l'expression humaine primitive, 2012)
S'agissant des similitudes entre les mythes, faut-il parler de transmission ou de simultanéité dans l’émergence des idées ? Leur diffusion sur une immense superficie à travers de multiples contrées n'est pas incompatible avec la théorie selon laquelle il y a eu convergence voire parallélisme des phénomènes culturels, assimilation ou transplantation des formes et concepts qui se sont adaptées à leur nouvel environnement spatial ou temporel. Robert Bednarik confirme que des symboles identiques sont apparus aux quatre coins du monde et qu’ils semblent avoir suivi une évolution comparable dans le temps, les plus anciens étant notamment des ronds, traits, cercles, arcs, zigzags. Échanges et interpénétrations dans le décryptage des influences mutuelles sont aussi au centre des recherches de Geneviève von Petzinger dans le cas particulier des pétroglyphes apparus en Afrique puis transposés dans le Sud de l’Europe par suite de la migration des populations préhistoriques (De l'origin des mythes, 2011)